Eventually, psychometric principles were applied to education. The field of psychometrics largely developed from the fields of psychology and statistics. The roots of psychometrics can be traced back to the late 1700s, but most modern psychometric methods were developed in the ensuing 100 years. Understanding the history of psychometrics helps us appreciate some of the difficulties in measuring these latent variables. As the field of psychometrics developed, tools like Item Response Theory (IRT) and Classical Test Theory (CTT) have increased our ability to measure latent variables. The ability to measure these variables accurately and reliably is the focus of the field of psychometrics. But have you ever considered how we have come to measure happiness, intelligence, or confidence? These traits are what psychometricians call latent variables, or variables that cannot be physically or directly measured. For tangible, physical attributes, measurement is easy and straightforward-a number is arrived at. As a society, we take measurements of almost everything-weight, height, temperature, the speed our car is going, the amount of time using our phones, and the amount of money in our bank accounts are a few examples. Measurement is the process of assigning numbers to attributes.
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